Composition · 10-Lesson Program · Each 45–60 min

10-Lesson Paragraphs & Essays Program

From topic sentences to full timed essays and self-marking.

Program map
  1. What a Paragraph Is (Unit of Thought)
  2. Topic Sentences That Argue
  3. Evidence Selection & Integration
  4. Explanation: Where Marks Live
  5. Links, Signposts & Cohesion
  6. Thesis Engineering
  7. Introductions & Conclusions
  8. Discursive & Reflective Structures
  9. Full Essay Assembly & Planning Routines
  10. Timed Essay + Self-Marking to Band 6
Lesson 1 · Foundation level

What a Paragraph Is

Intended learning: define the paragraph as one developed idea; recognise broken paragraphs.

Teaching: Symptoms of broken paragraphs: two ideas competing, evidence with no claim, analysis that repeats the quote in fancier words.

Question (5 marks): Diagnose three supplied paragraphs: what is each missing?
  • Diagnoses specific (not 'it's bad').
  • Fixes proposed.

Worksheet 1

Take your last essay's weakest paragraph; list what it contains vs needs.

Lesson 2 · Core level

Topic Sentences That Argue

Intended learning: convert topic labels into contestable mini-theses.

Conversion drills

  • Label: "Imagery in Act 2." → Claim: "Act 2's fire imagery turns passion into something consuming rather than warming."
  • Label: "The theme of power." → Claim: "Power in the novel flows from controlling information, not people."
Question (6 marks): Upgrade five supplied topic labels into arguing topic sentences.
  • Each is disputable.
  • Each embeds question keywords.

Worksheet 2

Write five topic sentences for one set text on one theme; rank them weakest-to-strongest and justify.

Lesson 3 · Core level

Evidence Selection & Integration

Intended learning: choose minimal quotes and weave them grammatically.

Teaching: Best evidence: short, loaded, precise. Under 10 words where possible. The quote serves the argument — never hunt quotes first.

Question (6 marks): From a supplied passage, select the single best quote for a given claim and defend the choice over two alternatives.
  • Selection justified analytically.
  • Integration grammatical.

Worksheet 3

Evidence bank: 12 micro-quotes from your text tagged by theme.

Lesson 4 · Core level

Explanation: Where Marks Live

Intended learning: write explanation that analyses effect, not paraphrase.

Teaching: Test: delete your explanation — if the paragraph still makes sense, you had none. Explanation must say something the quote cannot: effect on reader, link to thesis, mechanism of technique.

Ratio rule

Aim 1 sentence evidence : 2–3 sentences analysis. Most B-band essays invert this.

  • No quote left unexplained.
  • Analysis adds meaning beyond restatement.

Worksheet 4

Expand three bare quotes into fully explained sentences using the effect-verb bank.

Lesson 5 · Core level

Links, Signposts & Cohesion

Intended learning: craft links that advance (not repeat) and signposts that guide.

Teaching: Weak link = "This shows power is important." Strong link = "Thus the play locates corruption not in crowns but in the silence beneath them — the same complicity the next scene will monetise." Old-to-new sentence principle applied across paragraphs.

  • Links return to thesis AND point forward or upward.

Worksheet 5

Rewrite three weak paragraph links into advancing ones.

Lesson 6 · Advanced / Trial HSC level

Thesis Engineering

Intended learning: build L3-level theses from any question type.

Stimulus: past HSC-style questions bank (adapted).
Question (8 marks): Write L3 theses for three different question types (to-what-extent, compare, evaluate).
  • All theses contestable + question-specific.

Worksheet 6

Thesis ladder worksheet: write L1, L2, L3 versions of one answer; feel the difference.

Lesson 7 · Advanced level

Introductions & Conclusions

Intended learning: draft 3-sentence introductions and evolved-form conclusions fast.

Question (6 marks): Write intro + conclusion for a given question in 10 minutes.
  • No banned openers.
  • Conclusion synthesises, doesn't summarise.

Worksheet 7

Collect five strong published essay openings; note their opening move type.

Lesson 8 · Advanced / Trial HSC level

Discursive & Reflective Structures

Intended learning: structure discursive pieces around a controlling idea with voice.

Teaching: Discursive: open with scene/anecdote, wander through perspectives, land on earned insight. Reflective: situation → choice → evaluation → forward look. Voice > formula, but cohesion still required.

Question (10 marks): Draft an opening paragraph of a discursive piece on any issue using scene-first technique.
  • Controlling idea present though implicit.
  • Voice consistent.

Worksheet 8

Mind-map one issue: anecdote entry, three perspectives, exit insight.

Lesson 9 · Trial HSC / Band 6 level

Full Essay Assembly

Intended learning: plan whole essays in 5 minutes using the plan grid.

Teaching: Plan grid: Question words | Thesis | Body 1/2/ claims + evidence tags | Conclusion move. Practise until planning is automatic.

  • Plan answers question directly.
  • Body claims escalate logically.

Worksheet 9

Complete three 5-minute plan grids on three questions; swap with a partner to test clarity.

Lesson 10 · Trial HSC / consolidation

Timed Essay + Self-Marking

Intended learning: produce a full timed essay then mark it against NESA-style criteria.

Assessment guidance: use marking criteria mirroring NESA guidelines: conceptual thesis, integrated evidence, sustained control, coherent expression. Verify at NESA.
  • Thesis answers question directly.
  • Every paragraph argues + evidences + explains + links.
  • Expression controlled under time pressure.

Final self-check

Mark your essay 20/20-style; identify the two lowest criteria; schedule targeted drills from Lessons 2–6.

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